"The latest authors, like the most ancient, strove to subordinate the phenomena of nature to the laws of mathematics." Sir Issac Newton

Historical Perspective: Integration can be traced as far back as ancient Egypt, circa 1800 BC, with the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus demonstrating knowledge of a formula for the volume of a pyramidal frustum. Most recently, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) and Sir Issac Newton's (1642-1727) independent discovery of calculus,gave birth to the key insight that differentiation and integration undo each other. Using this symbolic connection, they were able to solve an enormous number of important problems in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. For example, it is used in the design of navigation systems, particle accelerators, and synchrotron light sources. Integral Calculus is the mathematical tool used to test theories about the origins of the universe, the development of tornadoes and hurricanes and is even found extensive business applications.